How to crack
1.Install the latest version of IntelliJ IDEA (v2016 v2017.x.x)
2.Start it
3.When you have to enter the license, change to [License server]
In the Server URL input field enter: http://idea.strongd.net/ . For older Servers, check out the bottom of the page, they are all listed
4.Click on [Ok] and everything should
操作系统为了适应更多的硬件环境，许多初始的设置值，宽容度都很高。
如果不经调整，这些值可能无法适应HPC，或者硬件稍好些的环境。
无法发挥更好的硬件性能，甚至可能影响某些应用软件的使用，特别是数据库。
512GB 内存为例
1.
参数
fs.aio-max-nr
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
aio-nr & aio-max-nr:
.
aio-nr is the running total of the number of events specified on the
io_setup system call for all currently active aio contexts.
.
If aio-nr reaches aio-max-nr then io_setup will fail with EAGAIN.
.
Note that raising aio-max-nr does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing
of any kernel data structures.
.
aio-nr & aio-max-nr:
.
aio-nr shows the current system-wide number of asynchronous io requests.
.
aio-max-nr allows you to change the maximum value aio-nr can grow to.
推荐设置
fs.aio-max-nr = 1xxxxxx
.
PostgreSQL, Greenplum 均未使用io_setup创建aio contexts. 无需设置。
如果Oracle数据库，要使用aio的话，需要设置它。
设置它也没什么坏处，如果将来需要适应异步IO，可以不需要重新修改这个设置。
2.
参数
fs.file-max
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
file-max & file-nr:
.
The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file handles that the Linux kernel will allocate.
.
When you get lots of error messages about running out of file handles,
you might want to increase this limit.
.
Historically, the kernel was able to allocate file handles dynamically,
but not to free them again.
.
The three values in file-nr denote :
the number of allocated file handles ,
the number of allocated but unused file handles ,
the maximum number of file handles.
.
Linux 2.6 always reports 0 as the number of free
file handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the
number of allocated file handles exactly matches the number of
used file handles.
.
Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than file-max are reported with printk,
look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached".
推荐设置
fs.file-max = 7xxxxxxx
.
PostgreSQL 有一套自己管理的VFS，真正打开的FD与内核管理的文件打开关闭有一套映射的机制，所以真实情况不需要使用那么多的file handlers。
max_files_per_process 参数。
假设1GB内存支撑100个连接，每个连接打开1000个文件，那么一个PG实例需要打开10万个文件，一台机器按512G内存来算可以跑500个PG实例，则需要5000万个file handler。
以上设置绰绰有余。
3.
参数
kernel.core_pattern
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
core_pattern:
.
core_pattern is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name.
. max length 128 characters; default value is "core"
. core_pattern is used as a pattern template for the output filename;
certain string patterns (beginning with '%') are substituted with
their actual values.
. backward compatibility with core_uses_pid:
If core_pattern does not include "%p" (default does not)
and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to
the filename.
. corename format specifiers:
%<NUL> '%' is dropped
%% output one '%'
%p pid
%P global pid (init PID namespace)
%i tid
%I global tid (init PID namespace)
%u uid
%g gid
%d dump mode, matches PR_SET_DUMPABLE and
/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
%s signal number
%t UNIX time of dump
%h hostname
%e executable filename (may be shortened)
%E executable path
%<OTHER> both are dropped
. If the first character of the pattern is a '|', the kernel will treat
the rest of the pattern as a command to run. The core dump will be
written to the standard input of that program instead of to a file.
推荐设置
kernel.core_pattern = /xxx/core_%e_%u_%t_%s.%p
.
这个目录要777的权限，如果它是个软链，则真实目录需要777的权限
mkdir /xxx
chmod 777 /xxx
留足够的空间
4.
参数
kernel.sem
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000
.
4096 每组多少信号量 (>=17, PostgreSQL 每16个进程一组, 每组需要17个信号量) ,
2147483647 总共多少信号量 (2^31-1 , 且大于4096*512000 ) ,
2147483646 每个semop()调用支持多少操作 (2^31-1),
512000 多少组信号量 (假设每GB支持100个连接, 512GB支持51200个连接, 加上其他进程, > 51200*2/16 绰绰有余)
.
# sysctl -w kernel.sem="4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000"
.
# ipcs -s -l
------ Semaphore Limits --------
max number of arrays = 512000
max semaphores per array = 4096
max semaphores system wide = 2147483647
max ops per semop call = 2147483646
semaphore max value = 32767
推荐设置
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000
.
4096可能能够适合更多的场景, 所以大点无妨，关键是512000 arrays也够了。
5.
参数
kernel.shmall = 107374182
kernel.shmmax = 274877906944
kernel.shmmni = 819200
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
假设主机内存 512GB
.
shmmax 单个共享内存段最大 256GB (主机内存的一半，单位字节)
shmall 所有共享内存段加起来最大 (主机内存的80%，单位PAGE)
shmmni 一共允许创建819200个共享内存段 (每个数据库启动需要2个共享内存段。 将来允许动态创建共享内存段，可能需求量更大)
.
# getconf PAGE_SIZE
4096
推荐设置
kernel.shmall = 107374182
kernel.shmmax = 274877906944
kernel.shmmni = 819200
.
9.2以及以前的版本，数据库启动时，对共享内存段的内存需求非常大，需要考虑以下几点
Connections: (1800 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * max_connections
Autovacuum workers: (1800 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * autovacuum_max_workers
Prepared transactions: (770 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * max_prepared_transactions
Shared disk buffers: (block_size + 208) * shared_buffers
WAL buffers: (wal_block_size + 8) * wal_buffers
Fixed space requirements: 770 kB
.
以上建议参数根据9.2以前的版本设置，后期的版本同样适用。
6.
参数
net.core.netdev_max_backlog
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
netdev_max_backlog
------------------
Maximum number of packets, queued on the INPUT side,
when the interface receives packets faster than kernel can process them.
推荐设置
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=1xxxx
.
INPUT链表越长，处理耗费越大，如果用了iptables管理的话，需要加大这个值。
7.
参数
net.core.rmem_default
net.core.rmem_max
net.core.wmem_default
net.core.wmem_max
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
rmem_default
------------
The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
.
rmem_max
--------
The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes.
.
wmem_default
------------
The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
.
wmem_max
--------
The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
推荐设置
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
8.
参数
net.core.somaxconn
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
somaxconn - INTEGER
Limit of socket listen() backlog, known in userspace as SOMAXCONN.
Defaults to 128.
See also tcp_max_syn_backlog for additional tuning for TCP sockets.
推荐设置
net.core.somaxconn=4xxx
9.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER
Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which have not
received an acknowledgment from connecting client.
The minimal value is 128 for low memory machines, and it will
increase in proportion to the memory of machine.
If server suffers from overload, try increasing this number.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=4xxx
pgpool-II 使用了这个值，用于将超过num_init_child以外的连接queue。
所以这个值决定了有多少连接可以在队列里面等待。
10.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=20
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=60
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_keepalive_time - INTEGER
How often TCP sends out keepalive messages when keepalive is enabled.
Default: 2hours.
.
tcp_keepalive_probes - INTEGER
How many keepalive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the
connection is broken. Default value: 9.
.
tcp_keepalive_intvl - INTEGER
How frequently the probes are send out. Multiplied by
tcp_keepalive_probes it is time to kill not responding connection,
after probes started. Default value: 75sec i.e. connection
will be aborted after ~11 minutes of retries.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=20
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=60
.
连接空闲60秒后, 每隔20秒发心跳包, 尝试3次心跳包没有响应，关闭连接。 从开始空闲，到关闭连接总共历时120秒。
11.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=8388608 12582912 16777216
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
单位 page
min: below this number of pages TCP is not bothered about its
memory appetite.
.
pressure: when amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number
of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption and enters memory
pressure mode, which is exited when memory consumption falls
under "min".
.
max: number of pages allowed for queueing by all TCP sockets.
.
Defaults are calculated at boot time from amount of available
memory.
64GB 内存，自动计算的值是这样的
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 1539615 2052821 3079230
.
512GB 内存，自动计算得到的值是这样的
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 49621632 66162176 99243264
.
这个参数让操作系统启动时自动计算，问题也不大
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=8388608 12582912 16777216
.
这个参数让操作系统启动时自动计算，问题也不大
12.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_fin_timeout - INTEGER
The length of time an orphaned (no longer referenced by any
application) connection will remain in the FIN_WAIT_2 state
before it is aborted at the local end. While a perfectly
valid "receive only" state for an un-orphaned connection, an
orphaned connection in FIN_WAIT_2 state could otherwise wait
forever for the remote to close its end of the connection.
Cf. tcp_max_orphans
Default: 60 seconds
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=5
.
加快僵尸连接回收速度
13.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_synack_retries - INTEGER
Number of times SYNACKs for a passive TCP connection attempt will
be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
is 5, which corresponds to 31seconds till the last retransmission
with the current initial RTO of 1second. With this the final timeout
for a passive TCP connection will happen after 63seconds.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2
.
缩短tcp syncack超时时间
14.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN
Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES
Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket
overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'SYN flood attack'
Default: 1
.
Note, that syncookies is fallback facility.
It MUST NOT be used to help highly loaded servers to stand
against legal connection rate. If you see SYN flood warnings
in your logs, but investigation shows that they occur
because of overload with legal connections, you should tune
another parameters until this warning disappear.
See: tcp_max_syn_backlog, tcp_synack_retries, tcp_abort_on_overflow.
.
syncookies seriously violate TCP protocol, do not allow
to use TCP extensions, can result in serious degradation
of some services (f.e. SMTP relaying), visible not by you,
but your clients and relays, contacting you. While you see
SYN flood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server
is seriously misconfigured.
.
If you want to test which effects syncookies have to your
network connections you can set this knob to 2 to enable
unconditionally generation of syncookies.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
.
防止syn flood攻击
15.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_timestamps - BOOLEAN
Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=1
.
tcp_timestamps 是 tcp 协议中的一个扩展项，通过时间戳的方式来检测过来的包以防止 PAWS(Protect Against Wrapped Sequence numbers)，可以提高 tcp 的性能。
16.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_tw_recycle - BOOLEAN
Enable fast recycling TIME-WAIT sockets. Default value is 0.
It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
experts.
.
tcp_tw_reuse - BOOLEAN
Allow to reuse TIME-WAIT sockets for new connections when it is
safe from protocol viewpoint. Default value is 0.
It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
experts.
.
tcp_max_tw_buckets - INTEGER
Maximal number of timewait sockets held by system simultaneously.
If this number is exceeded time-wait socket is immediately destroyed
and warning is printed.
This limit exists only to prevent simple DoS attacks,
you _must_ not lower the limit artificially,
but rather increase it (probably, after increasing installed memory),
if network conditions require more than default value.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 2xxxxx
.
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle和net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps不建议同时开启
17.
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP sockets.
Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth.
Default: 1 page
.
default: initial size of send buffer used by TCP sockets. This
value overrides net.core.wmem_default used by other protocols.
It is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
Default: 16K
.
max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically tuned
send buffers for TCP sockets. This value does not override
net.core.wmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_SNDBUF disables
automatic tuning of that socket's send buffer size, in which case
this value is ignored.
Default: between 64K and 4MB, depending on RAM size.
.
tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
min: Minimal size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
It is guaranteed to each TCP socket, even under moderate memory
pressure.
Default: 1 page
.
default: initial size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols.
Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with
default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit
less for default tcp_app_win. See below about these variables.
.
max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically
selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
net.core.rmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_RCVBUF disables
automatic tuning of that socket's receive buffer size, in which
case this value is ignored.
Default: between 87380B and 6MB, depending on RAM size.
推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=8192 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=8192 65536 16777216
.
许多数据库的推荐设置，提高网络性能
18.
参数
net.nf_conntrack_max
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max
支持系统
CentOS 6
参数解释
nf_conntrack_max - INTEGER
Size of connection tracking table.
Default value is nf_conntrack_buckets value * 4.
推荐设置
net.nf_conntrack_max=1xxxxxx
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=1xxxxxx
19.
参数
vm.dirty_background_bytes
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs
vm.dirty_ratio
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
==============================================================
.
dirty_background_bytes
.
Contains the amount of dirty memory at which the background kernel
flusher threads will start writeback.
.
Note: dirty_background_bytes is the counterpart of dirty_background_ratio. Only
one of them may be specified at a time. When one sysctl is written it is
immediately taken into account to evaluate the dirty memory limits and the
other appears as 0 when read.
.
==============================================================
.
dirty_background_ratio
.
Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which
the background kernel flusher threads will start writing out dirty data.
.
==============================================================
.
dirty_bytes
.
Contains the amount of dirty memory at which a process generating disk writes
will itself start writeback.
.
Note: dirty_bytes is the counterpart of dirty_ratio. Only one of them may be
specified at a time. When one sysctl is written it is immediately taken into
account to evaluate the dirty memory limits and the other appears as 0 when
read.
.
Note: the minimum value allowed for dirty_bytes is two pages (in bytes); any
value lower than this limit will be ignored and the old configuration will be
retained.
.
==============================================================
.
dirty_expire_centisecs
.
This tunable is used to define when dirty data is old enough to be eligible
for writeout by the kernel flusher threads. It is expressed in 100'ths
of a second. Data which has been dirty in-memory for longer than this
interval will be written out next time a flusher thread wakes up.
.
==============================================================
.
dirty_ratio
.
Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which
a process which is generating disk writes will itself start writing out dirty
data.
.
==============================================================
.
dirty_writeback_centisecs
.
The kernel flusher threads will periodically wake up and write `old' data
out to disk. This tunable expresses the interval between those wakeups, in
100'ths of a second.
.
Setting this to zero disables periodic writeback altogether.
.
==============================================================
推荐设置
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 4096000000
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 6000
vm.dirty_ratio = 80
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 50
.
减少数据库进程刷脏页的频率，dirty_background_bytes根据实际IOPS能力以及内存大小设置
20.
参数
vm.extra_free_kbytes
支持系统
CentOS 6
参数解释
extra_free_kbytes
.
This parameter tells the VM to keep extra free memory
between the threshold where background reclaim (kswapd) kicks in,
and the threshold where direct reclaim (by allocating processes) kicks in.
.
This is useful for workloads that require low latency memory allocations
and have a bounded burstiness in memory allocations,
for example a realtime application that receives and transmits network traffic
(causing in-kernel memory allocations) with a maximum total message burst
size of 200MB may need 200MB of extra free memory to avoid direct reclaim
related latencies.
.
目标是尽量让后台进程回收内存，比用户进程提早多少kbytes回收，因此用户进程可以快速分配内存。
推荐设置
vm.extra_free_kbytes=4xxxxxx
21.
参数
vm.min_free_kbytes
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
min_free_kbytes:
.
This is used to force the Linux VM to keep a minimum number
of kilobytes free. The VM uses this number to compute a
watermark[WMARK_MIN] value for each lowmem zone in the system.
Each lowmem zone gets a number of reserved free pages based
proportionally on its size.
.
Some minimal amount of memory is needed to satisfy PF_MEMALLOC
allocations; if you set this to lower than 1024KB, your system will
become subtly broken, and prone to deadlock under high loads.
.
Setting this too high will OOM your machine instantly.
推荐设置
vm.min_free_kbytes = 2xxxxxx
.
防止在高负载时系统无响应，减少内存分配死锁概率。
22.
参数
vm.mmap_min_addr
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
mmap_min_addr
.
This file indicates the amount of address space which a user process will
be restricted from mmapping. Since kernel null dereference bugs could
accidentally operate based on the information in the first couple of pages
of memory userspace processes should not be allowed to write to them. By
default this value is set to 0 and no protections will be enforced by the
security module. Setting this value to something like 64k will allow the
vast majority of applications to work correctly and provide defense in depth
against future potential kernel bugs.
推荐设置
vm.mmap_min_addr=6xxxx
.
防止内核隐藏的BUG导致的问题
23.
参数
vm.overcommit_memory
vm.overcommit_ratio
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
==============================================================
.
overcommit_kbytes:
.
When overcommit_memory is set to 2, the committed address space is not
permitted to exceed swap plus this amount of physical RAM. See below.
.
Note: overcommit_kbytes is the counterpart of overcommit_ratio. Only one
of them may be specified at a time. Setting one disables the other (which
then appears as 0 when read).
.
==============================================================
.
overcommit_memory:
.
This value contains a flag that enables memory overcommitment.
.
When this flag is 0,
the kernel attempts to estimate the amount
of free memory left when userspace requests more memory.
.
When this flag is 1,
the kernel pretends there is always enough memory until it actually runs out.
.
When this flag is 2,
the kernel uses a "never overcommit"
policy that attempts to prevent any overcommit of memory.
Note that user_reserve_kbytes affects this policy.
.
This feature can be very useful because there are a lot of
programs that malloc() huge amounts of memory "just-in-case"
and don't use much of it.
.
The default value is 0.
.
See Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting and
security/commoncap.c::cap_vm_enough_memory() for more information.
.
==============================================================
.
overcommit_ratio:
.
When overcommit_memory is set to 2,
the committed address space is not permitted to exceed
swap + this percentage of physical RAM.
See above.
.
==============================================================
推荐设置
vm.overcommit_memory = 0
vm.overcommit_ratio = 90
.
vm.overcommit_memory = 0 时 vm.overcommit_ratio可以不设置
24.
参数
vm.swappiness
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
swappiness
.
This control is used to define how aggressive the kernel will swap
memory pages.
Higher values will increase agressiveness, lower values
decrease the amount of swap.
.
The default value is 60.
推荐设置
vm.swappiness = 0
25.
参数
vm.zone_reclaim_mode
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
zone_reclaim_mode:
.
Zone_reclaim_mode allows someone to set more or less aggressive approaches to
reclaim memory when a zone runs out of memory. If it is set to zero then no
zone reclaim occurs. Allocations will be satisfied from other zones / nodes
in the system.
.
This is value ORed together of
.
1 = Zone reclaim on
2 = Zone reclaim writes dirty pages out
4 = Zone reclaim swaps pages
.
zone_reclaim_mode is disabled by default. For file servers or workloads
that benefit from having their data cached, zone_reclaim_mode should be
left disabled as the caching effect is likely to be more important than
data locality.
.
zone_reclaim may be enabled if it's known that the workload is partitioned
such that each partition fits within a NUMA node and that accessing remote
memory would cause a measurable performance reduction. The page allocator
will then reclaim easily reusable pages (those page cache pages that are
currently not used) before allocating off node pages.
.
Allowing zone reclaim to write out pages stops processes that are
writing large amounts of data from dirtying pages on other nodes. Zone
reclaim will write out dirty pages if a zone fills up and so effectively
throttle the process. This may decrease the performance of a single process
since it cannot use all of system memory to buffer the outgoing writes
anymore but it preserve the memory on other nodes so that the performance
of other processes running on other nodes will not be affected.
.
Allowing regular swap effectively restricts allocations to the local
node unless explicitly overridden by memory policies or cpuset
configurations.
推荐设置
vm.zone_reclaim_mode=0
.
不使用NUMA
26.
参数
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
ip_local_port_range - 2 INTEGERS
Defines the local port range that is used by TCP and UDP to
choose the local port. The first number is the first, the
second the last local port number. The default values are
32768 and 61000 respectively.
.
ip_local_reserved_ports - list of comma separated ranges
Specify the ports which are reserved for known third-party
applications. These ports will not be used by automatic port
assignments (e.g. when calling connect() or bind() with port
number 0). Explicit port allocation behavior is unchanged.
.
The format used for both input and output is a comma separated
list of ranges (e.g. "1,2-4,10-10" for ports 1, 2, 3, 4 and
10). Writing to the file will clear all previously reserved
ports and update the current list with the one given in the
input.
.
Note that ip_local_port_range and ip_local_reserved_ports
settings are independent and both are considered by the kernel
when determining which ports are available for automatic port
assignments.
.
You can reserve ports which are not in the current
ip_local_port_range, e.g.:
.
$ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
32000 61000
$ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_reserved_ports
8080,9148
.
although this is redundant. However such a setting is useful
if later the port range is changed to a value that will
include the reserved ports.
.
Default: Empty
推荐设置
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=40000 65535
.
限制本地动态端口分配范围，防止占用监听端口。
27.
参数
vm.nr_hugepages
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
==============================================================
nr_hugepages
Change the minimum size of the hugepage pool.
See Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
==============================================================
nr_overcommit_hugepages
Change the maximum size of the hugepage pool. The maximum is
nr_hugepages + nr_overcommit_hugepages.
See Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
.
The output of "cat /proc/meminfo" will include lines like:
......
HugePages_Total: vvv
HugePages_Free: www
HugePages_Rsvd: xxx
HugePages_Surp: yyy
Hugepagesize: zzz kB
.
where:
HugePages_Total is the size of the pool of huge pages.
HugePages_Free is the number of huge pages in the pool that are not yet
allocated.
HugePages_Rsvd is short for "reserved," and is the number of huge pages for
which a commitment to allocate from the pool has been made,
but no allocation has yet been made. Reserved huge pages
guarantee that an application will be able to allocate a
huge page from the pool of huge pages at fault time.
HugePages_Surp is short for "surplus," and is the number of huge pages in
the pool above the value in /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages. The
maximum number of surplus huge pages is controlled by
/proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages.
.
/proc/filesystems should also show a filesystem of type "hugetlbfs" configured
in the kernel.
.
/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages indicates the current number of "persistent" huge
pages in the kernel's huge page pool. "Persistent" huge pages will be
returned to the huge page pool when freed by a task. A user with root
privileges can dynamically allocate more or free some persistent huge pages
by increasing or decreasing the value of 'nr_hugepages'.
推荐设置
如果要使用PostgreSQL的huge page，建议设置它。
大于数据库需要的共享内存即可。
28.
参数
fs.nr_open
支持系统
CentOS 6, 7
参数解释
nr_open:
This denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can
allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be
enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on RLIMIT_NOFILE
resource limit.
它还影响security/limits.conf 的文件句柄限制，单个进程的打开句柄不能大于fs.nr_open，所以要加大文件句柄限制，首先要加大nr_open
推荐设置
对于有很多对象（表、视图、索引、序列、物化视图等）的PostgreSQL数据库，建议设置为2000万，
例如fs.nr_open=20480000
1. 通过/etc/security/limits.conf设置，或者ulimit设置
2. 通过/proc/$pid/limits查看当前进程的设置
# - core - limits the core file size (KB)
# - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB)
# - nofile - max number of open files 建议设置为1000万 , 但是必须设置sysctl, fs.nr_open大于它，否则会导致系统无法登陆。
# - nproc - max number of processes
以上四个是非常关心的配置
....
# - data - max data size (KB)
# - fsize - maximum filesize (KB)
# - rss - max resident set size (KB)
# - stack - max stack size (KB)
# - cpu - max CPU time (MIN)
# - as - address space limit (KB)
# - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user
# - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system
# - priority - the priority to run user process with
# - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold
# - sigpending - max number of pending signals
# - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)
# - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]
# - rtprio - max realtime priority
1. 目前操作系统支持的IO调度策略包括cfq, deadline, noop 等。
/kernel-doc-xxx/Documentation/block
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 674 Apr 8 16:33 00-INDEX
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 55006 Apr 8 16:33 biodoc.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 618 Apr 8 16:33 capability.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 12791 Apr 8 16:33 cfq-iosched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 13815 Apr 8 16:33 data-integrity.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2841 Apr 8 16:33 deadline-iosched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4713 Apr 8 16:33 ioprio.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2535 Apr 8 16:33 null_blk.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4896 Apr 8 16:33 queue-sysfs.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2075 Apr 8 16:33 request.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 3272 Apr 8 16:33 stat.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1414 Apr 8 16:33 switching-sched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 3916 Apr 8 16:33 writeback_cache_control.txt
如果你要详细了解这些调度策略的规则，可以查看WIKI或者看内核文档。
从这里可以看到它的调度策略
cat /sys/block/vdb/queue/scheduler
noop [deadline] cfq
修改
echo deadline > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler
或者修改启动参数
grub.conf
elevator=deadline
从很多测试结果来看，数据库使用deadline调度，性能会更稳定一些。
1. 关闭透明大页
2. 禁用NUMA
3. SSD的对齐
数据库的安装一直以来都挺复杂的，特别是Oracle，现在身边都还有安装Oracle数据库赚外快的事情。
PostgreSQL其实安装很简单，但是那仅仅是可用，并不是好用。很多用户使用默认的方法安装好数据库之后，然后测试一通性能，发现性能不行就不用了。
原因不用说，多方面没有优化的结果。
PostgreSQL数据库为了适应更多的场景能使用，默认的参数都设得非常保守，通常需要优化，比如检查点，SHARED BUFFER等。
本文将介绍一下PostgreSQL on Linux的最佳部署方法，其实在我的很多文章中都有相关的内容，但是没有总结成一篇文档。
目的是确认服务器与OS通过certification
Intel Xeon v3和v4的cpu,能支持的RHEL的最低版本是不一样的,
详情请见:https://access.redhat.com/support/policy/intel
Intel Xeon v3和v4的cpu,能支持的Oracle Linux 的最低版本是不一样的,
详情请见:http://linux.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=117:1
第一:RedHat生态系统–来自RedHat的认证列表https://access.redhat.com/ecosystem
第二:Oracle Linux 对服务器和存储的硬件认证列表 http://linux.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=117:1
# yum -y install coreutils glib2 lrzsz mpstat dstat sysstat e4fsprogs xfsprogs ntp readline-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel pam-devel libxml2-devel libxslt-devel python-devel tcl-devel gcc make smartmontools flex bison perl-devel perl-ExtUtils* openldap-devel jadetex openjade bzip2
1. sysctl
注意某些参数，根据内存大小配置（已说明）
含义详见
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
# add by digoal.zhou
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 76724600
kernel.core_pattern= /data01/corefiles/core_%e_%u_%t_%s.%p
# /data01/corefiles事先建好，权限777，如果是软链接，对应的目录修改为777
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000
# 信号量, ipcs -l 或 -u 查看，每16个进程一组，每组信号量需要17个信号量。
kernel.shmall = 107374182
# 所有共享内存段相加大小限制(建议内存的80%)
kernel.shmmax = 274877906944
# 最大单个共享内存段大小(建议为内存一半), >9.2的版本已大幅降低共享内存的使用
kernel.shmmni = 819200
# 一共能生成多少共享内存段，每个PG数据库集群至少2个共享内存段
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
# The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
# The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
# The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
# The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
net.core.somaxconn = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 20
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 12582912 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# 开启SYN Cookies。当出现SYN等待队列溢出时，启用cookie来处理，可防范少量的SYN攻击
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
# 减少time_wait
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
# 如果=1则开启TCP连接中TIME-WAIT套接字的快速回收，但是NAT环境可能导致连接失败，建议服务端关闭它
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
# 开启重用。允许将TIME-WAIT套接字重新用于新的TCP连接
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 8192 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 8192 65536 16777216
net.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 409600000
# 系统脏页到达这个值，系统后台刷脏页调度进程 pdflush（或其他） 自动将(dirty_expire_centisecs/100）秒前的脏页刷到磁盘
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 3000
# 比这个值老的脏页，将被刷到磁盘。3000表示30秒。
vm.dirty_ratio = 95
# 如果系统进程刷脏页太慢，使得系统脏页超过内存 95 % 时，则用户进程如果有写磁盘的操作（如fsync, fdatasync等调用），则需要主动把系统脏页刷出。
# 有效防止用户进程刷脏页，在单机多实例，并且使用CGROUP限制单实例IOPS的情况下非常有效。
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 100
# pdflush（或其他）后台刷脏页进程的唤醒间隔， 100表示1秒。
vm.mmap_min_addr = 65536
vm.overcommit_memory = 0
# 在分配内存时，允许少量over malloc, 如果设置为 1, 则认为总是有足够的内存，内存较少的测试环境可以使用 1 .
vm.overcommit_ratio = 90
# 当overcommit_memory = 2 时，用于参与计算允许指派的内存大小。
vm.swappiness = 0
# 关闭交换分区
vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0
# 禁用 numa, 或者在vmlinux中禁止.
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 40000 65535
# 本地自动分配的TCP, UDP端口号范围
fs.nr_open=20480000
# 单个进程允许打开的文件句柄上限
# 以下参数请注意
# vm.extra_free_kbytes = 4096000
# vm.min_free_kbytes = 2097152
# 如果是小内存机器，以上两个值不建议设置
# vm.nr_hugepages = 66536
# 建议shared buffer设置超过64GB时 使用大页，页大小 /proc/meminfo Hugepagesize
# vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio = 1 1 1
# 对于内存大于64G时，建议设置，否则建议默认值 256 256 32
2. 生效配置
sysctl -p
# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
# nofile超过1048576的话，一定要先将sysctl的fs.nr_open设置为更大的值，并生效后才能继续设置nofile.
* soft nofile 1024000
* hard nofile 1024000
* soft nproc unlimited
* hard nproc unlimited
* soft core unlimited
* hard core unlimited
* soft memlock unlimited
* hard memlock unlimited
最好在关注一下/etc/security/limits.d目录中的文件内容，会覆盖limits.conf的配置。
已有进程的ulimit请查看/proc/pid/limits，例如
Limit Soft Limit Hard Limit Units
Max cpu time unlimited unlimited seconds
Max file size unlimited unlimited bytes
Max data size unlimited unlimited bytes
Max stack size 10485760 unlimited bytes
Max core file size 0 unlimited bytes
Max resident set unlimited unlimited bytes
Max processes 11286 11286 processes
Max open files 1024 4096 files
Max locked memory 65536 65536 bytes
Max address space unlimited unlimited bytes
Max file locks unlimited unlimited locks
Max pending signals 11286 11286 signals
Max msgqueue size 819200 819200 bytes
Max nice priority 0 0
Max realtime priority 0 0
Max realtime timeout unlimited unlimited us
如果你要启动其他进程，建议退出SHELL再进一遍，确认ulimit环境配置已生效，再启动。
（建议按业务场景设置，我这里先清掉）
iptables -F
配置范例
# 私有网段
-A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 172.16.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT
如果没有这方面的需求，建议禁用
# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
SELINUX=disabled
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
chkconfig --list|grep on
关闭不必要的,例如
chkconfig iscsi off
注意SSD对齐，延长寿命，避免写放大。
parted -s /dev/sda mklabel gpt
parted -s /dev/sda mkpart primary 1MiB 100%
格式化(如果你选择ext4的话)
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 -m 0 -O extent,uninit_bg -E lazy_itable_init=1 -T largefile -L u01
建议使用的ext4 mount选项
# vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=u01 /u01 ext4 defaults,noatime,nodiratime,nodelalloc,barrier=0,data=writeback 0 0
# mkdir /u01
# mount -a
为什么需要data=writeback?
建议pg_xlog放到独立的IOPS性能贼好的块设备中。
如果不是SSD的话，还是使用CFQ，否则建议使用DEADLINE。
临时设置(比如sda盘)
echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
永久设置
编辑grub文件修改块设备调度策略
vi /boot/grub.conf
elevator=deadline
注意，如果既有机械盘，又有SSD，那么可以使用/etc/rc.local，对指定磁盘修改为对应的调度策略。
加上前面的默认IO调度，如下
vi /boot/grub.conf
elevator=deadline numa=off transparent_hugepage=never
建议使用较新的编译器，安装 gcc 6.2.0 略
cd ~
tar -jxvf gcc6.2.0.tar.bz2
tar -jxvf python2.7.12.tar.bz2
# vi /etc/ld.so.conf
/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib
/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib64
/home/digoal/python2.7.12/lib
# ldconfig
环境变量
# vi ~/env_pg.sh
export PS1="$USER@`/bin/hostname -s`-> "
export PGPORT=$1
export PGDATA=/$2/digoal/pg_root$PGPORT
export LANG=en_US.utf8
export PGHOME=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib:/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/lib64:/home/digoal/python2.7.12/lib:$PGHOME/lib:/lib64:/usr/lib64:/usr/local/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin:/home/digoal/python2.7.12/bin:/home/digoal/cmake3.6.3/bin:$PGHOME/bin:$PATH:.
export DATE=`date +"%Y%m%d%H%M"`
export MANPATH=$PGHOME/share/man:$MANPATH
export PGHOST=$PGDATA
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGDATABASE=postgres
alias rm='rm -i'
alias ll='ls -lh'
unalias vi
如果你想使用ICC或者clang编译PostgreSQL，请参考
《[转载]用intel编译器icc编译PostgreSQL》
建议使用NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES
src/backend/port/posix_sema.c
create sem :
named :
mySem = sem_open(semname, O_CREAT | O_EXCL,
(mode_t) IPCProtection, (unsigned) 1);
unamed :
/*
* PosixSemaphoreCreate
*
* Attempt to create a new unnamed semaphore.
*/
static void
PosixSemaphoreCreate(sem_t * sem)
{
if (sem_init(sem, 1, 1) < 0)
elog(FATAL, "sem_init failed: %m");
}
remove sem :
#ifdef USE_NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES
/* Got to use sem_close for named semaphores */
if (sem_close(sem) < 0)
elog(LOG, "sem_close failed: %m");
#else
/* Got to use sem_destroy for unnamed semaphores */
if (sem_destroy(sem) < 0)
elog(LOG, "sem_destroy failed: %m");
#endif
编译项
. ~/env_pg.sh 1921 u01
cd postgresql-9.6.1
export USE_NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES=1
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" ./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" make world -j 64
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O3 -flto" make install-world
如果你是开发环境，需要调试，建议这样编译。
cd postgresql-9.6.1
export USE_NAMED_POSIX_SEMAPHORES=1
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O0 -flto -g -ggdb -fno-omit-frame-pointer" ./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6 --enable-cassert
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O0 -flto -g -ggdb -fno-omit-frame-pointer" make world -j 64
LIBS=-lpthread CC="/home/digoal/gcc6.2.0/bin/gcc" CFLAGS="-O0 -flto -g -ggdb -fno-omit-frame-pointer" make install-world
pg_xlog建议放在IOPS最好的分区。
. ~/env_pg.sh 1921 u01
initdb -D $PGDATA -E UTF8 --locale=C -U postgres -X /u02/digoal/pg_xlog$PGPORT
以PostgreSQL 9.6, 512G内存主机为例
最佳到文件末尾即可，重复的会以末尾的作为有效值。
$ vi postgresql.conf
listen_addresses = '0.0.0.0'
port = 1921
max_connections = 5000
unix_socket_directories = '.'
tcp_keepalives_idle = 60
tcp_keepalives_interval = 10
tcp_keepalives_count = 10
shared_buffers = 128GB
maintenance_work_mem = 4GB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix
vacuum_cost_delay = 0
bgwriter_delay = 10ms
bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 1000
bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 10.0
bgwriter_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的机器，不需要考虑平滑调度
max_worker_processes = 128
max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 0
old_snapshot_threshold = -1
backend_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的机器，不需要考虑平滑调度
wal_level = replica
synchronous_commit = off
full_page_writes = on
wal_buffers = 1GB
wal_writer_delay = 10ms
wal_writer_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的机器，不需要考虑平滑调度
checkpoint_timeout = 30min # 不建议频繁做检查点，否则XLOG会产生很多的FULL PAGE WRITE。
max_wal_size = 256GB # 建议是SHARED BUFFER的2倍
min_wal_size = 64GB
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.05 # 硬盘好的情况下，可以让检查点快速结束，恢复时也可以快速达到一致状态。
checkpoint_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的机器，不需要考虑平滑调度
archive_mode = on
archive_command = '/bin/date' # 后期再修改，如 'test ! -f /disk1/digoal/arch/%f && cp %p /disk1/digoal/arch/%f'
max_wal_senders = 8
random_page_cost = 1.3 # IO很好的机器，不需要考虑离散和顺序扫描的成本差异
parallel_tuple_cost = 0
parallel_setup_cost = 0
min_parallel_relation_size = 0
effective_cache_size = 300GB # 看着办，剩下的都是OS可用的CACHE。
force_parallel_mode = off
log_destination = 'csvlog'
logging_collector = on
log_truncate_on_rotation = on
log_checkpoints = on
log_connections = on
log_disconnections = on
log_error_verbosity = verbose
log_timezone = 'PRC'
vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0
hot_standby_feedback = off
max_standby_archive_delay = 300s
max_standby_streaming_delay = 300s
autovacuum = on
log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0
autovacuum_max_workers = 16 # CPU核多，并且IO好的情况下，可多点，但是注意16*autovacuum mem，会消耗较多内存，所以内存也要有基础。
autovacuum_naptime = 30s
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.1
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.2
autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 1600000000
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 1600000000
vacuum_freeze_table_age = 1500000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 1500000000
datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
timezone = 'PRC'
lc_messages = 'C'
lc_monetary = 'C'
lc_numeric = 'C'
lc_time = 'C'
default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'
shared_preload_libraries='pg_stat_statements'
## 如果你的数据库有非常多小文件（比如有几十万以上的表，还有索引等，并且每张表都会被访问到时），建议FD可以设多一些，避免进程需要打开关闭文件。
## 但是不要大于前面章节系统设置的ulimit -n(open files)
max_files_per_process=655360
避免不必要的访问，开放允许的访问，建议务必使用密码访问。
$ vi pg_hba.conf
host replication xx 0.0.0.0/0 md5 # 流复制
host all postgres 0.0.0.0/0 reject # 拒绝超级用户从网络登录
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5 # 其他用户登陆
pg_ctl start
好了，你的PostgreSQL数据库基本上部署好了，可以愉快的玩耍了。