1. public static void fileCopy( File in, File out )
2.             throws IOException
3.     {
4.         FileChannel inChannel = new FileInputStream( in ).getChannel();
5.         FileChannel outChannel = new FileOutputStream( out ).getChannel();
6.         try
7.         {
8. //          inChannel.transferTo(0, inChannel.size(), outChannel);      // original — apparently has trouble copying large files on Windows  
10.             // magic number for Windows, 64Mb – 32Kb)  
11.             int maxCount = (64 * 1024 * 1024) – (32 * 1024);
12.             long size = inChannel.size();
13.             long position = 0;
14.             while ( position < size )
15.             {
16.                position += inChannel.transferTo( position, maxCount, outChannel );
17.             }
18.         }
19.         finally
20.         {
21.             if ( inChannel != null )
22.             {
23.                inChannel.close();
24.             }
25.             if ( outChannel != null )
26.             {
27.                 outChannel.close();
28.             }
29.         }
30.     }

1. File dir = new File(“directoryName”);
2.   String[] children = dir.list();
3.   if (children == null) {
4.       // Either dir does not exist or is not a directory  
5.   } else {
6.       for (int i=0; i < children.length; i++) {
7.           // Get filename of file or directory  
8.           String filename = children[i];
9.       }
10.   }
12.   // It is also possible to filter the list of returned files.  
13.   // This example does not return any files that start with `.’.  
14.   FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
15.       public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
16.           return !name.startsWith(“.”);
17.       }
18.   };
19.   children = dir.list(filter);
21.   // The list of files can also be retrieved as File objects  
22.   File[] files = dir.listFiles();
24.   // This filter only returns directories  
25.   FileFilter fileFilter = new FileFilter() {
26.       public boolean accept(File file) {
27.           return file.isDirectory();
28.       }
29.   };
30.   files = dir.listFiles(fileFilter);

1. import java.util.zip.*;
2. import java.io.*;
4. public class ZipIt {
5.     public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
6.         if (args.length < 2) {
7.             System.err.println(“usage: java ZipIt Zip.zip file1 file2 file3”);
8.             System.exit(-1);
9.         }
10.         File zipFile = new File(args[0]);
11.         if (zipFile.exists()) {
12.             System.err.println(“Zip file already exists, please try another”);
13.             System.exit(-2);
14.         }
15.         FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(zipFile);
16.         ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(fos);
17.         int bytesRead;
18.         byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
19.         CRC32 crc = new CRC32();
20.         for (int i=1, n=args.length; i < n; i++) {
21.             String name = args[i];
22.             File file = new File(name);
23.             if (!file.exists()) {
24.                 System.err.println(“Skipping: “ + name);
25.                 continue;
26.             }
27.             BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(
28.                 new FileInputStream(file));
29.             crc.reset();
30.             while ((bytesRead = bis.read(buffer)) != –1) {
31.                 crc.update(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
32.             }
33.             bis.close();
34.             // Reset to beginning of input stream  
35.             bis = new BufferedInputStream(
36.                 new FileInputStream(file));
37.             ZipEntry entry = new ZipEntry(name);
38.             entry.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED);
39.             entry.setCompressedSize(file.length());
40.             entry.setSize(file.length());
41.             entry.setCrc(crc.getValue());
42.             zos.putNextEntry(entry);
43.             while ((bytesRead = bis.read(buffer)) != –1) {
44.                 zos.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
45.             }
46.             bis.close();
47.         }
48.         zos.close();
49.     }
50. }

1. import java.io.File;
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.OutputStream;
4. import java.util.Date;
6. import com.lowagie.text.Document;
7. import com.lowagie.text.Paragraph;
8. import com.lowagie.text.pdf.PdfWriter;
10. public class GeneratePDF {
12.     public static void main(String[] args) {
13.         try {
14.             OutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(new File(“C:\\Test.pdf”));
16.             Document document = new Document();
17.             PdfWriter.getInstance(document, file);
18.             document.open();
19.             document.add(new Paragraph(“Hello Kiran”));
20.             document.add(new Paragraph(new Date().toString()));
22.             document.close();
23.             file.close();
25.         } catch (Exception e) {
27.             e.printStackTrace();
28.         }
29.     }
30. }

1. private void createThumbnail(String filename, int thumbWidth, int thumbHeight, int quality, String outFilename)
2.         throws InterruptedException, FileNotFoundException, IOException
3.     {
4.         // load image from filename  
5.         Image image = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(filename);
6.         MediaTracker mediaTracker = new MediaTracker(new Container());
7.         mediaTracker.addImage(image, 0);
8.         mediaTracker.waitForID(0);
9.         // use this to test for errors at this point: System.out.println(mediaTracker.isErrorAny());  
11.         // determine thumbnail size from WIDTH and HEIGHT  
12.         double thumbRatio = (double)thumbWidth / (double)thumbHeight;
13.         int imageWidth = image.getWidth(null);
14.         int imageHeight = image.getHeight(null);
15.         double imageRatio = (double)imageWidth / (double)imageHeight;
16.         if (thumbRatio < imageRatio) {
17.             thumbHeight = (int)(thumbWidth / imageRatio);
18.         } else {
19.             thumbWidth = (int)(thumbHeight * imageRatio);
20.         }
22.         // draw original image to thumbnail image object and  
23.         // scale it to the new size on-the-fly  
24.         BufferedImage thumbImage = new BufferedImage(thumbWidth, thumbHeight, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
25.         Graphics2D graphics2D = thumbImage.createGraphics();
26.         graphics2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BILINEAR);
27.         graphics2D.drawImage(image, 0, 0, thumbWidth, thumbHeight, null);
29.         // save thumbnail image to outFilename  
30.         BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(outFilename));
31.         JPEGImageEncoder encoder = JPEGCodec.createJPEGEncoder(out);
32.         JPEGEncodeParam param = encoder.getDefaultJPEGEncodeParam(thumbImage);
33.         quality = Math.max(0, Math.min(quality, 100));
34.         param.setQuality((float)quality / 100.0f, false);
35.         encoder.setJPEGEncodeParam(param);
36.         encoder.encode(thumbImage);
37.         out.close();
38.     }

A few weeks ago I got to make some of my code 1000 times faster, without changing the underlying complexity! As the title implies, this involved making Java reflection calls faster.

Let me explain my use case as well, because it’s relatively general, and a good example of why one would use reflection in the first place.

I had an interface (representing a tree node) and a slew of classes (100+) implementing this interface. The trick is that the tree is heterogeneous, each node kind can have different numbers of children, or store them differently.

I needed some code te be able to walk over such a composite tree. The simple approach is to simply add a children() method to the interface and implement it in every kind of node. Very tedious, and boilerplaty as hell.

Instead, I noted that all children were either direct fields, or aggregated in fields holding a collection of nodes. I could write a small piece of code that, with reflection, would work for every node kind!

I’ve put up a much simplified version of the code on Github. I will link the relevant parts as we go.

Initial Code

Here is the version I came up with: WalkerDemoSlowest.java

It’s fairly straightforward: get the methods of the node’s class, filter out those that are not getters, then consider only that return either a node or a collection of node. For those, invoke the method, and recursively invoke walk on the children.

Will anyone be surprised if I tell them it’s very slow?

Caching

There is a simple tweak we can apply that makes it much faster however: we can cache the methods lookup.

Here is the caching version: WalkerDemoSlow.java

It’s really the same except that for each class implementing Node, we create aClassData object that caches all the relevant getters, so we only have to look them up once. This produces a satisfying ~10x speedup.

LambdaMetafactory Magic

Unfortunately, this was still way too slow. So I took to Google, which turned out this helpful StackOverflow question.

The accepted answers proposes the use of LambdaMetafactory, a standard library class that supports lambda invocations in the language.

The details are somewhat hazy to me, but it seems that by using these facilities we can “summon the compiler” on our code and optimize the reflective access into a native invocation. That’s the working hypothesis anyhow.

Here is the code: WalkerDemoFast.java

Now, in my code, this worked wonders, unlocking another 100x speedup. While writing this article however, I wanted to demonstrate the effect with some code snippet, but didn’t manage to. I tried to give the interface three sub-classes, and to give them bogus methods to be filtered out, to no avail. The second and third version of the code would run at about the same speed.

I re-checked the original code — all seemed good. In my original code, the trees are Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) derived by parsing some source files. After fooling around some more, I noticed different results if I limited the input to the first 14 source files.

These files are relatively short (few 10s of lines) and syntactically simple. With only those, the second and third version would run at about the same speed. But add in the 15th file (a few 100s of lines) and the second version would take a whopping 36 seconds while the third version would still complete in 0.2 seconds, a ~700x difference.

My (somewhat shaky) hypothesis is that if the scenario is simple enough, the optimizer notices what you are doing and optmizes away. In more complex cases, it exhausts its optimization budget and falls back on the unoptimized version and its abysmal performance. But the optimizer is devious enough that crafting a toy example that would defeat it seems to be quite the feat.

LambdaMetafactory Possibilities

I’m somewhat intrigued about what is possible with LambdaMetafactory. In my use case, it works wonders because reflection calls are much more expensive than a simple cache lookup. But could it be used to optmize regular code in pathological cases as well? It seems unlikely to help with megamorphic call sites, because the compiled method handle has to be retrieved somehow, and the cost of that lookup would dwarf the gains.

But what about piecing together code at run time, and optimizing it? In particular, one could supply a data structure and an interpreter for that data structure, and “compile” them together using LambdaMetafactory. Would it be smart enough to partially evaluate the code given the data structure, and so turn your interpreter into the equivalent “plain” code?

Incidentally, that is exactly the approach taken by the Truffle framework, which runs on top of the Graal VM, so there is definitely something to the idea. Maybe something precludes it with the current JVM, hence requiring the GraalVM modification?

In any case, there is something to be said in favor of making these capabilities available as a library, which could be used in “regular programs” (i.e. not compilers). Writing a simple interpreter is often the easiest approach to some problems.