import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
/**
* A MIDlet shows the values of the system properties.
*/
public class MIDletProps extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display; // The display for this MIDlet
private Form props;
private StringBuffer propbuf;
private Command exitCommand = new Command(“Exit”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
/**
* Construct MIDletProps
*/
public MIDletProps() {
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
}
/**
* Show the value of the properties
*/
public void startApp() {
Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
runtime.gc();
long free = runtime.freeMemory();
long total = runtime.totalMemory();
propbuf = new StringBuffer( 50 );
props = new Form( “System Properties” );
props.append( “Free Memory = ” + free + “\n” );
props.append( “Total Memory = ” + total + “\n” );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.configuration” ) );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.platform” ) );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.locale” ) );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.encoding” ) );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.encodingClass” ) );
props.append( showProp( “microedition.http_proxy” ) );
props.addCommand( exitCommand );
props.setCommandListener( this );
display.setCurrent( props );
}
/**
* Eventhandling code goes into commandAction
*/
public void commandAction( Command c, Displayable s )
{
if ( c == exitCommand )
{
destroyApp( false );
notifyDestroyed();
}
}
/**
* Show a property.
*/
String showProp( String prop )
{
String value = System.getProperty( prop );
propbuf.setLength( 0 );
propbuf.append( prop );
propbuf.append( ” = ” );
if (value == null)
{
propbuf.append( “<undefined>” );
}
else
{
propbuf.append( “\”” );
propbuf.append( value );
propbuf.append( “\”” );
}
propbuf.append( “\n” );
return propbuf.toString();
}
/**
* Time to pause, free any space we don’t need right now.
*/
public void pauseApp()
{
display.setCurrent( null );
propbuf = null;
props = null;
}
/**
* No op
*/
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional )
{
System.out.println( “In destroyApp” );
}
}
J2ME : Read Display File
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ReadDisplayFile extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display; // Reference to Display object
private Form fmMain; // Main form
private Command cmHelp; // Command to show a help file
private Command cmExit; // Command to exit the MIDlet
private Alert alHelp; // Alert to display help file text
public ReadDisplayFile()
{
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
cmHelp = new Command(“Help”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
cmExit = new Command(“Exit”, Command.EXIT, 1);
fmMain = new Form(“Read File”);
fmMain.addCommand(cmExit);
fmMain.addCommand(cmHelp);
fmMain.setCommandListener(this);
}
public void startApp()
{
display.setCurrent(fmMain);
}
public void pauseApp()
{ }
public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional)
{ }
public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable s)
{
if (c == cmHelp)
{
String str;
// Access the resource and read its contents
if ((str = readHelpText()) != null)
{
// Create an Alert to display the help text
alHelp = new Alert(“Help”, str, null, null);
alHelp.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alHelp, fmMain);
}
}
else if (c == cmExit)
{
destroyApp(false);
notifyDestroyed();
}
}
private String readHelpText()
{
InputStream is = getClass().getResourceAsStream(“help.txt”);
try
{
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
int chr, i = 0;
// Read until the end of the stream
while ((chr = is.read()) != –1)
sb.append((char) chr);
return sb.toString();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(“Unable to create stream”);
}
return null;
}
}
J2ME : Search Example
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SearchExample extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display;
private Alert alert;
private Form form;
private Command exit;
private Command start;
private RecordStore recordstore = null;
private RecordEnumeration recordEnumeration = null;
private Filter filter = null;
public SearchExample ()
{
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
exit = new Command(“Exit”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
start = new Command(“Start”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
form = new Form(“Mixed RecordEnumeration”, null);
form.addCommand(exit);
form.addCommand(start);
form.setCommandListener(this);
}
public void startApp()
{
display.setCurrent(form);
}
public void pauseApp()
{
}
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional )
{
}
public void commandAction(Command command, Displayable displayable)
{
if (command == exit)
{
destroyApp(true);
notifyDestroyed();
}
else if (command == start)
{
try
{
recordstore = RecordStore.openRecordStore(
“myRecordStore”, true );
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Creating”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
String outputData[] = {“Mary”, “Bob”, “Adam”};
for (int x = 0 ; x < 3; x++)
{
byte[] byteOutputData = outputData[x].getBytes();
recordstore.addRecord(byteOutputData, 0,
byteOutputData.length);
}
}
catch ( Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Writing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
filter = new Filter(“Bob”);
recordEnumeration = recordstore.enumerateRecords(
filter, null, false);
if (recordEnumeration.numRecords() > 0)
{
String string = new String(recordEnumeration.nextRecord());
alert = new Alert(“Reading”, string,
null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Reading”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
recordstore.closeRecordStore();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Closing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null)
{
try
{
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(“myRecordStore”);
recordEnumeration.destroy();
filter.filterClose();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Removing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
}
}
}
}
class Filter implements RecordFilter
{
private String search = null;
private ByteArrayInputStream inputstream = null;
private DataInputStream datainputstream = null;
public Filter(String search)
{
this.search = search.toLowerCase();
}
public boolean matches(byte[] suspect)
{
String string = new String(suspect).toLowerCase();
if (string!= null && string.indexOf(search) != –1)
return true;
else
return false;
}
public void filterClose()
{
try
{
if (inputstream != null)
{
inputstream.close();
}
if (datainputstream != null)
{
datainputstream.close();
}
}
catch ( Exception error)
{
}
}
}
J2ME: Test the RMS listener methods
import java.io.*;
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.rms.*;
public class RmsListener extends MIDlet
{
private RecordStore rs = null;
static final String REC_STORE = “db_8”;
public RmsListener()
{
// Open record store and add listener
openRecStore();
rs.addRecordListener(new TestRecordListener());
// Initiate actions that will wake up the listener
writeRecord(“J2ME and MIDP”);
updateRecord(“MIDP and J2ME”);
deleteRecord();
closeRecStore(); // Close record store
deleteRecStore(); // Remove the record store
}
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional )
{
}
public void startApp()
{
// There is no user interface, go ahead and shutdown
destroyApp(false);
notifyDestroyed();
}
public void pauseApp()
{
}
public void openRecStore()
{
try
{
// The second parameter indicates that the record store
// should be created if it does not exist
rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore(REC_STORE, true);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
public void closeRecStore()
{
try
{
rs.closeRecordStore();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
public void deleteRecStore()
{
if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null)
{
try
{
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(REC_STORE);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
}
public void writeRecord(String str)
{
byte[] rec = str.getBytes();
try
{
rs.addRecord(rec, 0, rec.length);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
public void updateRecord(String str)
{
try
{
rs.setRecord(1, str.getBytes(), 0, str.length());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
public void deleteRecord()
{
try
{
rs.deleteRecord(1);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
db(e.toString());
}
}
/*————————————————–
* Simple message to console for debug/errors
* When used with Exceptions we should handle the
* error in a more appropriate manner.
*————————————————-*/
public void db(String str)
{
System.err.println(“Msg: ” + str);
}
}
/*————————————————–
* Listen for updates to the record store
*————————————————-*/
class TestRecordListener implements RecordListener
{
public void recordAdded(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId)
{
try
{
System.out.println(“Record with ID#: ” + recordId +
” added to RecordStore: ” + recordStore.getName());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.err.println(e);
}
}
public void recordDeleted(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId)
{
try
{
System.out.println(“Record with ID#: ” + recordId +
” deleted from RecordStore: ” + recordStore.getName());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.err.println(e);
}
}
public void recordChanged(RecordStore recordStore, int recordId)
{
try
{
System.out.println(“Record with ID#: ” + recordId +
” changed in RecordStore: ” + recordStore.getName());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.err.println(e);
}
}
}
J2ME : Record Enumeration Example
import javax.microedition.rms.*;
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
import java.io.*;
public class RecordEnumerationExample
extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display;
private Alert alert;
private Form form;
private Command exit;
private Command start;
private RecordStore recordstore = null;
private RecordEnumeration recordEnumeration = null;
public RecordEnumerationExample ()
{
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
exit = new Command(“Exit”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
start = new Command(“Start”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
form = new Form(“RecordEnumeration”);
form.addCommand(exit);
form.addCommand(start);
form.setCommandListener(this);
}
public void startApp()
{
display.setCurrent(form);
}
public void pauseApp()
{
}
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional )
{
}
public void commandAction(Command command,
Displayable displayable)
{
if (command == exit)
{
destroyApp(true);
notifyDestroyed();
}
else if (command == start)
{
try
{
recordstore = RecordStore.openRecordStore(
“myRecordStore”, true );
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Creating”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
String outputData[] = {“First Record”,
“Second Record”, “Third Record”};
for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++)
{
byte[] byteOutputData = outputData[x].getBytes();
recordstore.addRecord(byteOutputData,
0, byteOutputData.length);
}
}
catch ( Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Writing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
recordEnumeration =
recordstore.enumerateRecords(null, null, false);
while (recordEnumeration.hasNextElement())
{
buffer.append(new String(recordEnumeration.nextRecord()));
buffer.append(“\n”);
}
alert = new Alert(“Reading”,
buffer.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Reading”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
recordstore.closeRecordStore();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Closing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null)
{
try
{
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(“myRecordStore”);
recordEnumeration.destroy();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Removing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
}
}
}
}
J2ME : Store Database
import java.io.*;
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.rms.*;
public class TestStore extends MIDlet {
static final String DBNAME = “mydata”;
public TestStore() {
RecordStore rs = null;
// Data is persistent across MIDlet invocations.
// So, first clear out the old record store…
try {
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore( DBNAME );
}
catch( Exception e ){
// ignore any errors…
}
// Now create a new one and dump
// each element out….
try {
rs = RecordStore.openRecordStore( DBNAME,
true );
byte[] data1 = “Here is the first record”.getBytes();
byte[] data2 = “And here is the second”.getBytes();
byte[] data3 = “And then the third”.getBytes();
data3[0] = 0;
data3[data3.length-1] = (byte) –1;
rs.addRecord( data1, 0, data1.length );
rs.addRecord( data2, 0, data2.length );
rs.addRecord( data3, 0, data3.length );
dumpRecordStore( rs, System.out );
rs.closeRecordStore();
}
catch( RecordStoreException e ){
System.out.println( e );
}
notifyDestroyed();
}
public void dumpRecordStore( RecordStore rs,
PrintStream out )
{
if( rs == null ) return;
StringBuffer hexLine = new StringBuffer();
StringBuffer charLine = new StringBuffer();
try {
int lastID = rs.getNextRecordID();
byte[] data = new byte[100];
int size;
for( int i = 1; i < lastID; ++i ){
try {
size = rs.getRecordSize( i );
if( size > data.length ){
data = new byte[ size * 2 ];
}
out.println( “Record ” + i +
” of size ” + size );
rs.getRecord( i, data, 0 );
dumpRecord( data, size, out,
hexLine, charLine, 16 );
out.println( “” );
}
catch( InvalidRecordIDException e ){
continue;
}
}
}
catch( RecordStoreException e ){
out.println( “Exception reading record store: ” + e );
}
}
private void dumpRecord( byte[] data, int size,
PrintStream out,
StringBuffer hexLine,
StringBuffer charLine,
int maxLen )
{
if( size == 0 ) return;
hexLine.setLength( 0 );
charLine.setLength( 0 );
int count = 0;
for( int i = 0; i < size; ++i ){
char b = (char) ( data[i] & 0xFF );
if( b < 0x10 ){
hexLine.append( ‘0’ );
}
hexLine.append( Integer.toHexString( b ) );
hexLine.append( ‘ ‘ );
if( ( b >= 32 && b <= 127 ) ||
Character.isDigit( b ) ||
Character.isLowerCase( b ) ||
Character.isUpperCase( b ) ){
charLine.append( (char) b );
} else {
charLine.append( ‘.’ );
}
if( ++count >= maxLen || i == size-1 ){
while( count++ < maxLen ){
hexLine.append( ” ” );
}
hexLine.append( ‘ ‘ );
hexLine.append( charLine.toString() );
out.println( hexLine.toString() );
hexLine.setLength( 0 );
charLine.setLength( 0 );
count = 0;
}
}
}
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional ) {
}
public void startApp() {
}
public void pauseApp() {
}
}
J2ME : Sort Record Example
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SortExample extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display;
private Alert alert;
private Form form;
private Command exit;
private Command start;
private RecordStore recordstore = null;
private RecordEnumeration recordEnumeration = null;
private Comparator comparator = null;
public SortExample ()
{
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
exit = new Command(“Exit”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
start = new Command(“Start”, Command.SCREEN, 1);
form = new Form(“Mixed RecordEnumeration”, null);
form.addCommand(exit);
form.addCommand(start);
form.setCommandListener(this);
}
public void startApp()
{
display.setCurrent(form);
}
public void pauseApp()
{
}
public void destroyApp( boolean unconditional )
{
}
public void commandAction(Command command, Displayable displayable)
{
if (command == exit)
{
destroyApp(true);
notifyDestroyed();
}
else if (command == start)
{
try
{
recordstore = RecordStore.openRecordStore(
“myRecordStore”, true );
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Creating”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
String outputData[] = {“Mary”, “Bob”, “Adam”};
for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++)
{
byte[] byteOutputData = outputData[x].getBytes();
recordstore.addRecord(byteOutputData, 0,
byteOutputData.length);
}
}
catch ( Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Writing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
Comparator comparator = new Comparator();
recordEnumeration = recordstore.enumerateRecords(
null, comparator, false);
while (recordEnumeration.hasNextElement())
{
buffer.append(new String(recordEnumeration.nextRecord()));
buffer.append(“\n”);
}
alert = new Alert(“Reading”, buffer.toString() ,
null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Reading”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
try
{
recordstore.closeRecordStore();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Closing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
if (RecordStore.listRecordStores() != null)
{
try
{
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore(“myRecordStore”);
recordEnumeration.destroy();
}
catch (Exception error)
{
alert = new Alert(“Error Removing”,
error.toString(), null, AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setTimeout(Alert.FOREVER);
display.setCurrent(alert);
}
}
}
}
}
class Comparator implements RecordComparator
{
public int compare(byte[] record1, byte[] record2)
{
String string1 = new String(record1),
string2= new String(record2);
int comparison = string1.compareTo(string2);
if (comparison == 0)
return RecordComparator.EQUIVALENT;
else if (comparison < 0)
return RecordComparator.PRECEDES;
else
return RecordComparator.FOLLOWS;
}
}
oracle里的常用命令
oracle里的常用命令
第一章:日志管理
1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> (‘/disk3/log4a.rdo’,’/disk4/log4b.rdo’) size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> ‘/disk3/log1b.rdo’ to group 1,
sql> ‘/disk4/log2b.rdo’ to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file ‘c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log’
sql> to ‘c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log’;
6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member ‘c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log’;
8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile ‘c:/oracle/log2a.rdo’;
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ‘ ‘
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build(‘oradb.ora’,’c:\oracle\oradb\log’);
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile(‘c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log’,
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(‘c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log’,
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>’c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora’);
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
第二章:表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf’ size 100m,
sql> ‘c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf’ size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf’
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf’
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf’ size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’ resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’
sql> to ‘c:\oracle\app_data.dbf’;
11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’
sql> to ‘c:\oracle\app_data.dbf’;
第三章:表
1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]….)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size – initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile ‘c:/oracle/data.dbf’);
7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
第四章:索引
1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile ‘c:/oracle/index.dbf’);
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
第五章:约束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
第六章:LOAD数据
1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true
第七章:reorganizing data
1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>’sales_ts’ ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是, 表示自包含
第八章: managing password security and resources
1.controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2.user_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;
第九章:Managing users
1.create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3.drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
第十章:managing privileges
1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
sql> audit user;
13.privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
第十一章: manager role
1.create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;
6.remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY
1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup
5.restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file ‘/disk1/../user.dbf’ to ‘/disk2/../user.dbf’;
> alter database open;
6.recover syntax
–recover a mounted database
>recover database;
>recover datafile ‘/disk1/data/df2.dbf’;
>alter database recover database;
–recover an opened database
>recover tablespace user_data;
>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
>set autorecovery on
>recover automatic datafile 4;
8.complete recovery:
–method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf;
>alter database open;
–method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
–method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
>alter database rename file ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ to ‘d:\oradata\user.dbf’
>recover datafile ‘e:\oradata\user.dbf’ or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
–method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile ‘d:\oradata\user.dbf’ as ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf”
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile ‘/c:/../data.dbf’ end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
> alter database backup controlfile to ‘control1.bkp’;
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
>alter database add logfile group 3 ‘c:\oradata\redo03.log’ size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;
or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log’ c:\oradata\redo01.log
>alter database clear logfile ‘c:\oradata\log01.log’;
Oracle 的入门心得
oracle的体系太庞大了,对于初学者来说,难免会有些无从下手的感觉,什么都想学,结果什么都学不好,所以把学习经验共享一下,希望让刚刚入门的人对oracle有一个总体的认识,少走一些弯路。
一、定位
oracle分两大块,一块是开发,一块是管理。开发主要是写写存储过程、触发器什么的,还有就是用Oracle的Develop工具做form。有点类似于程序员,需要有较强的逻辑思维和创造能力,个人觉得会比较辛苦,是青春饭J;管理则需要对oracle数据库的原理有深刻的认识,有全局操纵的能力和紧密的思维,责任较大,因为一个小的失误就会down掉整个数据库,相对前者来说,后者更看重经验。
因为数据库管理的责任重大,很少公司愿意请一个刚刚接触oracle的人去管理数据库。对于刚刚毕业的年轻人来说,可以先选择做开发,有一定经验后转型,去做数据库的管理。当然,这个还是要看人个的实际情况来定。
二、学习方法
我的方法很简单,就是:看书、思考、写笔记、做实验、再思考、再写笔记
看完理论的东西,自己静下心来想想,多问自己几个为什么,然后把所学和所想的知识点做个笔记;在想不通或有疑问的时候,就做做实验,想想怎么会这样,同样的,把实验的结果记下来。思考和做实验是为了深入的了解这个知识点。而做笔记的过程,也是理清自己思路的过程。
学习的过程是使一个问题由模糊到清晰,再由清晰到模糊的过程。而每次的改变都代表着你又学到了一个新的知识点。
学习的过程也是从点到线,从线到网,从网到面的过程。当点变成线的时候,你会有总豁然开朗的感觉。当网到面的时候,你就是高手了
很多网友,特别是初学的人,一碰到问题就拿到论坛上来问,在问前,你有没有查过书,自己有没有研究过,有没有搜索一下论坛?这就叫思维惰性。由别人来回答你的问题,会让你在短时间内不费劲地弄懂这个知识点,然而通过自己的努力去研究它,不但会更深入的了解这个知识点,更重要的是在研究的过程会提高你解决问题和分析问题的能力。总的来说,没有钻研的学习态度,不管学什么东西,都不会成功的。
当然,初学的人很多时候是因为遇到问题时,无从下手,也不知道去哪里找资料,才会到论坛上提问题的。但我认为,在提问的时候,是不是可以问别人是如何分析这个问题?从哪里可以找到相关的资料?而不是这个问题的答案是什么?授人以鱼不如授人以渔。
下面我讲下我处理问题的过程
首先要知道oracle的官方网站:www.oracle.com 这里有oracle的各种版本的数据库、应用工具和权威的官方文档。其次,还要知道http://metalink.oracle.com/这里是买了oracle服务或是oracle的合作伙伴才可以进去的,里面有很多权威的解决方案和补丁。然后就是一些著名网站:asktom.oracle.com www.orafaq.net, www.dbazine.com。这里有很多经验之谈。
遇到问题了。如果是概念上的问题,第一时间可以找tahiti.oracle.com,这里会给你最详细的解释。如果在运行的过程中出了什么错误。可以去metalink看看。如果是想知道事务的处理的经验之谈。可以去asktom。当然。这里只是相对而言。
三、oracle的体系
oracle的体系很庞大,要学习它,首先要了解oracle的框架。在这里,简要的讲一下oracle的架构,让初学者对oracle有一个整体的认识。
1、物理结构(由控制文件、数据文件、重做日志文件、参数文件、归档文件、密码文件组成)
控制文件:包含维护和验证数据库完整性的必要信息、例如,控制文件用于识别数据文件和重做日志文件,一个数据库至少需要一个控制文件
数据文件:存储数据的文件
重做日志文件:含对数据库所做的更改记录,这样万一出现故障可以启用数据恢复。一个数据库至少需要两个重做日志文件
参数文件:定义Oracle 例程的特性,例如它包含调整SGA 中一些内存结构大小的参数
归档文件:是重做日志文件的脱机副本,这些副本可能对于从介质失败中进行恢复很必要。
密码文件:认证哪些用户有权限启动和关闭Oracle例程
2、逻辑结构(表空间、段、区、块)
表空间:是数据库中的基本逻辑结构,一系列数据文件的集合。
段:是对象在数据库中占用的空间
区:是为数据一次性预留的一个较大的存储空间
块:ORACLE最基本的存储单位,在建立数据库的时候指定
3、内存分配(SGA和PGA)
SGA:是用于存储数据库信息的内存区,该信息为数据库进程所共享。它包含Oracle 服务器的数据和控制信息, 它是在Oracle 服务器所驻留的计算机的实际内存中得以分配,如果实际内存不够再往虚拟内存中写。
PGA:包含单个服务器进程或单个后台进程的数据和控制信息,与几个进程共享的SGA 正相反PGA 是只被一个进程使用的区域,PGA 在创建进程时分配在终止进程时回收
4、后台进程(数据写进程、日志写进程、系统监控、进程监控、检查点进程、归档进程、服务进程、用户进程)
数据写进程:负责将更改的数据从数据库缓冲区高速缓存写入数据文件
日志写进程:将重做日志缓冲区中的更改写入在线重做日志文件
系统监控:检查数据库的一致性如有必要还会在数据库打开时启动数据库的恢复
进程监控:负责在一个Oracle 进程失败时清理资源
检查点进程:负责在每当缓冲区高速缓存中的更改永久地记录在数据库中时,更新控制文件和数据文件中的数据库状态信息。
归档进程:在每次日志切换时把已满的日志组进行备份或归档
服务进程:用户进程服务。
用户进程:在客户端,负责将用户的SQL 语句传递给服务进程,并从服务器段拿回查询数据。
5、oracle例程:Oracle 例程由SGA 内存结构和用于管理数据库的后台进程组成。例程一次只能打开和使用一个数据库。
6、SCN(System Change Number):系统改变号,一个由系统内部维护的序列号。当系统需要更新的时候自动增加,他是系统中维持数据的一致性和顺序恢复的重要标志。
四、深入学习
管理:可以考OCP证书,对oracle先有一个系统的学习,然后看Oracle Concepts、oracle online document,对oracle的原理会有更深入的了解,同时可以开始进行一些专题的研究如:RMAN、RAS、STATSPACT、DATAGUARD、TUNING、BACKUP&RECOVER等等。
开发:对于想做Oracle开发的,在了解完Oracle基本的体系结构之后,可以重点关注PL/SQL及Oracle的开发工具这一部分。 PL/SQL主要是包括怎么写SQL语句,怎么使用Oracle本身的函数,怎么写存储过程、存储函数、触发器等。 Oracle的开发工具主要就是Oracle自己的Developer Suite(Oracle Forms Developer and Reports Developer这些),学会如何熟练使用这些工具。
介绍几本oracle入门的好书
oracle官方文档:《concept》上面讲了oracle的体系和概念,很适合初学者看。
OCP的教学用书,也就是STUDY GUIDE(SG)。
Oracle8i 备份恢复手册
Oracle8高级管理与优化
Oracle8i PLSQL程序设计
Oracle8数据库管理员手册
以上书本都是机械工业出版社出版。
介绍几个网站
http://tahiti.oracle.com oracle的官方文档
现在http://www.oracle.com.cn/onlinedoc/index.htm也有官方文档,速度奇快
http://metalink.oracle.com/ oracle的技术支持网站。需要购买Oracle服务才能有一个帐号,才能登陆,有大量的Knowledge Base,大量问题解决经验。
http://www.oracle.com oracle的官方网站,可以在这里down oracle的软件、官方文档和获得最新的消息
http://www.dbazine.com/ Oracle的杂志
http://asktom.oracle.com
http://www.orafaq.net/
http://www.ixora.com.au/
http://www.oracle-base.com
http://www.dba-oracle.com/oracle_links.htm